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Atlanta, Georgia



The public school system (Atlanta Public Schools) is run by the Atlanta Board of Education with superintendent Dr. Beverly L. Hall. As of 2007, the system has an active enrollment of 49,773 students, attending a total of 106 schools: including 58 elementary schools (three of which operate on a year-round calendar), 16 middle schools, 20 high schools, and 7 charter schools.[112] The school system also supports two alternative schools for middle and/or high school students, two single gender academies, and an adult learning center.[112] The school system also owns and operates radio station WABE-FM 90.1, a National Public Radio affiliate, and Public Broadcasting System television station WPBA 30.

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Transportation

Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority provides public transportation in Atlanta
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority provides public transportation in Atlanta
The Downtown Connector, with the downtown skyline in the background
The Downtown Connector, with the downtown skyline in the background
A MARTA bus
A MARTA bus

Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (IATA: ATLICAO: KATL), the world's busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and by aircraft traffic,[113] provides air service between Atlanta and many national and international destinations. Situated 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown, the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75, Interstate 85, and Interstate 285. The MARTA rail system has a station within the airport terminal, and provides direct service to Downtown, Midtown, Buckhead, and Sandy Springs. The major general aviation airports near the city proper are DeKalb-Peachtree Airport (IATA: PDKICAO: KPDK) and Brown Field (IATA: FTYICAO: KFTY). See List of airports in the Atlanta area for a more complete listing.

With a comprehensive network of freeways that radiate out from the city, Atlantans rely on their cars as the dominant mode of transportation in the region – a fact that leads some to call the city "the Los Angeles of the South."[114] Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285, a beltway locally known as "the Perimeter" which has come to mark the boundary between the interior of the region and its surrounding suburbs.

Three major interstate highways converge in Atlanta; I-20 runs east to west across town, while I-75 runs from northwest to southeast, and I-85 runs from northeast to southwest. The latter two combine to form the Downtown Connector (I-75/85) through the middle of the city. The combined highway carries more than 340,000 vehicles per day. The Connector is of the ten most congested segments of interstate highway in the United States.[115] The intersection of I-85 and I-285 in Doraville – officially called the Tom Moreland Interchange, is known to most residents as Spaghetti Junction.[116] Metropolitan Atlanta is approached by thirteen freeways. In addition to the aforementioned interstates, I-575, Georgia 400, Georgia 141, I-675, Georgia 316, I-985, Stone Mountain Freeway (US 78), and Langford Parkway (SR 166) all terminate just within or beyond the Perimeter, with the exception of Langford Parkway, limiting the transportation options in the central city.

This strong automotive reliance has resulted in heavy traffic and contributes to Atlanta's air pollution, which has made Atlanta one of the more polluted cities in the country.[117] In recent years, the Atlanta metro area has ranked at or near the top of the longest average commute times in the U.S. The Clean Air Campaign was created in 1996 to help reduce pollution in metro Atlanta.

Notwithstanding heavy automotive usage, Atlanta's commuter heavy rail system, operated by Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), is the seventh busiest in the country.[118] MARTA also operates a bus system within Fulton, DeKalb, and Gwinnett Counties. Clayton, Cobb, and Gwinnett counties each operate separate, autonomous transit authorities, using buses but no trains.

Atlanta has a reputation as being one of the most dangerous cities for pedestrians,[119] as far back as 1949 when the Gone with the Wind author Margaret Mitchell was struck by a speeding car and killed while crossing Peachtree Street.[120]

The proposed Beltline would create a greenway and public transit system in a circle around the city from a series of mostly abandoned rail lines. This rail right-of-way would also accommodate multi-use trails connecting a string of existing and new parks. In addition, there is a proposed streetcar project that would create a streetcar line along Peachtree Street from downtown to the Buckhead area as well as possibly another East-West MARTA line.

Atlanta began as a railroad town and it still serves as a major rail junction, with several freight lines belonging to Norfolk Southern and CSX intersecting below street level in downtown. It is the home of major classification yards for both railroads, Inman Yard on the NS and Tilford Yard on the CSX. Long-distance passenger service is provided by Amtrak's Crescent train, which connects Atlanta with many cities. The Amtrak station is located several miles north of downtown - and it lacks a connection to the MARTA rail system. An ambitious, long-standing proposal would create a Multi-Modal Passenger Terminal downtown, adjacent to Philips Arena and the Five Points MARTA station, which would link, in a single facility, MARTA bus and rail, intercity bus services, proposed commuter rail services to other Georgia cities, and Amtrak.

Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service between Atlanta and many locations throughout the United States (from coast to coast), Canada, and the Mexican border.

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Sister cities

Atlanta has eighteen sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):[121]

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Notes

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  4. ^ a b c Population Estimates for the 25 U.S. Cities with the Largest Numerical Increase from July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006. U.S. Census Bureau (2007-06-28). Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
  5. ^ a b Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (Microsoft Excel). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
  6. ^ Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce (2006-10). "Atlanta's International Influence". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-08-27.
  7. ^ Demographia United States Metropolitan Areas 2000-2006 (County Based). Demographia (2007-03-23). Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  8. ^ a b Apple, Jr., R.W.. "ON THE ROAD: A City in Full: Venerable, Impatient Atlanta", The New York Times, February 25, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. 
  9. ^ Koolhaas, Rem; Bruce Mau (1996). S,M,L,XL. New York City: Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-86-5. 
  10. ^ Template:Cite government agency
  11. ^ Creation of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. About North Georgia. Golden Ink. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  12. ^ a b A Short History of Atlanta: 1782-1859. CITY-DIRECTORY, Inc. (2007-09-22). Retrieved on 2007-12-01.
  13. ^ Georgia History Timeline Chronology for December 29. Our Georgia History. Retrieved on 2007-08-30.
  14. ^ Storey, Steve. Atlanta & West Point Railroad. Georgia's Railroad History & Heritage. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  15. ^ Atlanta Old and New: 1848 to 1868. Roadside Georgia. Golden Ink. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  16. ^ A Short History of Atlanta: 1860-1864. CITY-DIRECTORY, Inc. (2007-09-22). Retrieved on 2007-12-01.
  17. ^ Jackson, Edwin L.. The Story of Georgia's Capitols and Capital Cities. Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  18. ^ Saint Joseph's: Atlanta's first hospital. Saint Joseph’s Hospital. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  19. ^ Atlanta Race Riot. The Coalition to Remember the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. Retrieved on 2006-09-06.
  20. ^ Commemorating CDC's 60th Anniversary. CDC Website. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
  21. ^ Greene, Melissa Faye (2006). The Temple Bombing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306815188. 
  22. ^ Atlanta Sit-ins ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
  23. ^ King, Jr., Martin Luther. e Biography of Martin Luther Ling, Jr. - Chapter 15. Martin Luther King's Autobiography online. Retrieved on 2008-01-05.
  24. ^ Hornsby, Alton (Winter - Autumn, 1991). "Black Public Education in Atlanta, Georgia, 1954-1973: From Segregation to Segregation". The Journal of Negro History 76 (1): 21-47. Association for the Study of African-American Life and History, Inc.. ISSN 00222992. 
  25. ^ History & Timeline ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
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  27. ^ Olympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., 1996. Encyclopædia Britannica online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2008-01-02.
  28. ^ Eberly, Tim; Shea, Paul. "Tornado Claims One in Polk County." Atlanta Journal and Constitution. March 15, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
  29. ^ Staff Writer. "Police to Atlantans: If you can, 'stay out of the city'." CNN. March 17, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
  30. ^ a b Yeazel, Jack (2007-03-23). Eastern Continental Divide in Georgia. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.
  31. ^ Florida, Alabama, Georgia water sharing (news archive). WaterWebster. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.
  32. ^ Fact Sheet – Interstate Water Conflicts: Georgia - Alabama - Florida (PDF). Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Monthly Averages for Atlanta, Georgia (30308) (Table). The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-03-23.
  34. ^ Monthly Averages for Atlanta, GA. Weather.com. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.
  35. ^ Atlanta, Georgia (1900-2000). Our Georgia History. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.
  36. ^ Ice Storms. Storm Encyclopedia. Weather.com. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.
  37. ^ City Mayors: The most polluted US cities. citymayors.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-25.
  38. ^ Atlanta Named 2007 "Asthma Capital". 2007 WebMD Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-10-25..
  39. ^ World's Tallest Buildings. Infoplease. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  40. ^ Districts and Zones of Atlanta. Emporis.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  41. ^ Southerland, Randy (November 19, 2004). What do Atlanta's big law firms see in Midtown?. Atlanta Business Chronicle. Retrieved on 2008-12-01.
  42. ^ Growth in the A-T-L. UrbanPlanet Institute LLC. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  43. ^ Expert: Peachtree Poised to Be Next Great Shopping Street. Midtown Alliance. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  44. ^ Mayor to Retailers: Peachtree Is Open for Business. Midtown Alliance. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  45. ^ Total Parkland per 1,000 Residents, by City (PDF). Center For City Park Excellence (2006-06-19). Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
  46. ^ Introduction to Atlanta. Frommer's. Wiley Publishing, Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  47. ^ Warhop, Bill. City Observed: Power Plants. Atlanta. Atlanta Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  48. ^ About Us. Trees Atlanta. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  49. ^ Guerrero, Lucio (March 13, 2001). Lake Forest No. 3 on list of best homes for rich. Chicago Sun-Times online edition. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 2008-12-01.
  50. ^ Sovereign. Emporis. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  51. ^ Craig (1995), p. 15
  52. ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1990. Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.
  53. ^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING: DECENIAL CENSUS. U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). Retrieved on 2008-05-18.
  54. ^ Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (Microsoft Excel). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
  55. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Atlanta, Georgia. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-07-04.
  56. ^ Gary J. Gates Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community SurveyPDF (2.07 MiB). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, UCLA School of Law October, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
  57. ^ Estimated Daytime Population. U.S. Census Bureau (December 6, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-04-02.
  58. ^ Atlanta tops in population growth. CNNMoney. Retrieved on 2008-01-01.
  59. ^ Lightsey, Ed. "Trend Radar January 2007", Georgia Trend Online, Georgia Trend, January, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-02. 
  60. ^ Top 15 Reporting Religious Bodies: Atlanta, GA. Glenmary Research Center (10/24/2002). Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
  61. ^ a b Nelson, Andrew (September 6, 2007). Catholic Population Officially Leaps To 650,000. The Georgia Bulletin. Retrieved on 2007-12-19.
  62. ^ These include St. John Chrysostom Melkite Catholic Church; St. Joseph Maronite Catholic Church; and Epiphany Byzantine Catholic Church
  63. ^ The Episcopal Church in Georgia. The Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
  64. ^ About The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army. Retrieved on 2007-09-21.
  65. ^ a b Jewish Community Centennial Study 2006. Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  66. ^ Al-Farooq Masjid of Atlanta
  67. ^ >Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. US Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
  68. ^ Fortune 500, 2007. CNNMoney.com (2007-04-08). Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  69. ^ Taylor, Paul (2006-10-19). Cingular profits quadruple on subscriber growth. The Financial Times. The Financial Times Limited. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  70. ^ About Wireless Services from AT&T, Formerly Cingular. AT&T Knowledge Ventures. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  71. ^ Woods, Walter (2006-10-17). Rubbermaid building new HQ, adding 350 jobs. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2006-11-13. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  72. ^ Atlanta's top employers, 2006. Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  73. ^ Allen, Frederick (1996). Atlanta Rising. Atlanta, Georgia: Longstreet Press. ISBN 1-56352-296-9. 
  74. ^ The Largest Banks in the U.S. (chart). The New York Job Source (2006-06-30). Retrieved on 2007-08-22.
  75. ^ Sarath, Patrice. SunTrust Banks, Inc.. Hoovers. Retrieved on 2007-08-22.
  76. ^ Bowers, Paige (2001-12-07). Beers built marble monument for Fed. Reserve. Atlanta Business Chronicle. American City Business Journals, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  77. ^ Rauch, Joe (2006-08-21). Wachovia to put headquarters of card subsidiary in Atlanta. Birmingham Business Journal. American City Business Journals, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  78. ^ Atlanta: gateway to the future. Hemisphere, Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  79. ^ Duffy, Kevin. "Supplier to build at Kia site in West Point", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 2007-08-09. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. 
  80. ^ About Cox. Cox Communications, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-08-22.
  81. ^ Cason, Caroline (2005-09-30). Atlanta Opera. Internet Encyclopedia. The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.
  82. ^ Big window to the sea. CNN. Retrieved on 2008-01-01.
  83. ^ The Varsity: What'll Ya Have. The Varsity. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.
  84. ^ Park History. Piedmont Park Conservancy. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.
  85. ^ Stewart, Bruce E. (2004-05-14). Stone Mountain. The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  86. ^ Dewane, Shaila. "36 Hours in Atlanta", The New York Times, January 7, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-03-26. 
  87. ^ "The Story of the Braves." Atlanta Braves. Retrieved on April 29, 2008.
  88. ^ "History: Atlanta Falcons." Atlanta Falcons. Retrieved on April 29, 2008.
  89. ^ "A Franchise Rich With Tradition: From Pettit To 'Pistol Pete' To The 'Human Highlight Film'." Atlanta Hawks. Retrieved on April 29, 2008.
  90. ^ The WNBA Is Coming to Atlanta in 2008. WNBA.com. WNBA Enterprises, LLC (2008-01-22). Retrieved on 2008-03-21.
  91. ^ "History." Atlanta Thrashers. Retrieved on April 29, 2008.
  92. ^ Falkoff, Robert (2007-11-16). Commissioner outlines league goals. Major League Soccer, L.L.C. Retrieved on 2008-03-21.
  93. ^ Bobby Dodd Stadium At Historic Grant Field :: A Cornerstone of College Football for Nearly a Century. RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
  94. ^ "Georgia And Auburn Face Off In Deep South's Oldest Rivalry." georgiadogs.com. November 6, 2006. Retrieved on April 29, 2008.
  95. ^ Peachtree race director deflects praise to others. Atlanta Business Chronicle. Retrieved on 2008-01-01.
  96. ^ "Nielsen Reports 1.3% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2007-2008 Season." Nielsen Media Research. (September 22, 2007) Retrieved on April 29, 2008.
  97. ^ Entertainment and performing arts. AtlantaMaps.net (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-06.
  98. ^ CMLS:Profile for Cumulus Media Inc. Yahoo! Finance
  99. ^ Lawrence Kestenbaum. Mayors of Atlanta, Georgia. The Political Graveyard. Retrieved on 2008-03-07.
  100. ^ Josh Fecht and Andrew Stevens (2007-11-14). Shirley Franklin: Mayor of Atlanta. City Mayors. Retrieved on 2008-01-27.
  101. ^ Atlanta's former mayor sentenced to prison. CNN online. CNN (June 13, 2006). Retrieved on 2008-01-02.
  102. ^ Atlanta's violent crime at lowest level since '69. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved on 2006-09-29.
  103. ^ Sugg, John. Crime is up and the Mayor is out. Creative Loafing. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
  104. ^ Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members. Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  105. ^ a b Atlanta MSA Growth Statistics. Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce (05-2006). Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  106. ^ States, Counties, and Statistically Equivalent Entities. Geographic Areas Reference Manual. U.S. Department of Commerce (11-1994). Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  107. ^ Atlanta in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000. The Brookings Institution (11-2003). Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  108. ^ Segal, Geoffrey (2005-12-02). The Real Sandy Springs Effect. Reason.org. The Reason Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  109. ^ HB 1470 - Milton, City of; provide charter. Georgia General Assembly (2006-10-11). Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  110. ^ HB 1321 - Johns Creek, City of; incorporate. Georgia General Assembly (2006-10-11). Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  111. ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas (editor). Georgia cities' populations. City Population. Retrieved on 2008-03-21.
  112. ^ a b 2007-2008 APS Fast Facts. Atlanta Public Schools. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  113. ^ Tharpe, Jim (2007-01-04). Atlanta airport still the "busiest": Hartsfield-Jackson nips Chicago's O'hare for second year in a row. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2007-01-06. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  114. ^ Atlanta: Smart Travel Tips. Fodor's. Fodor's Travel. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  115. ^ Atlanta, I-75 at I-85. Worst City Choke Points. Forbes.com. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.
  116. ^ >Atlanta Road Lingo. AJC Online. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved on 2006-05-05.
  117. ^ Copeland, Larry (2001-01-31). Atlanta pollution going nowhere. USA TODAY. Gannett Co. Inc. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  118. ^ American Public Transportation Association, Heavy Rail Transit Ridership Report, Fourth Quarter 2007.
  119. ^ Bennett, D.L.; Duane D. Stanford (2000-06-16). Atlanta the Second Most Dangerous City in America for Pedestrians. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Perimeter Transportation Coalition. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  120. ^ ">Margaret Mitchell. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
  121. ^ Online Directory: Georgia, USA. Sister Cities International. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.

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References

  • Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events: Years of Change and Challenge, 1940-1976 by Franklin M. Garrett, Harold H. Martin
  • Atlanta, Then and Now. Part of the Then and Now book series.
  • Craig, Robert (1995). Atlanta Architecture: Art Deco to Modern Classic, 1929-1959. Gretna, LA: Pelican. ISBN0-88289-961-9. 
  • Darlene R. Roth and Andy Ambrose. Metropolitan Frontiers: A short history of Atlanta. Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996. An overview of the city's history with an emphasis on its growth.
  • Sjoquist, Dave (ed.) The Atlanta Paradox. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2000.
  • Stone, Clarence. Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988. University Press of Kansas. 1989.
  • Elise Reid Boylston. Atlanta: Its Lore, Legends and Laughter. Doraville: privately printed, 1968. Lots of neat anecdotes about the history of the city.
  • Frederick Allen. Atlanta Rising. Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996. A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996, with much about City Councilman, later Mayor, William B. Hartsfield's work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub, and about the American Civil Rights Movement as it affected (and was affected by) Atlanta.

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