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Antarctica



On January, 2008, the British Antarctic Survey (Bas) scientists led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images). The biggest eruption in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the Hudson Mountains, close to Pine Island Glacier.[56]

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Effects of global warming

Image of the largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded due to CFC accumulation (September 2006).
Image of the largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded due to CFC accumulation (September 2006).

Most of the continent's icy mass has so far proven largely impervious to climate change, being situated on solid rock; its deep interior is actually growing in volume.[57] However, Antarctica's periphery has been noticeably affected by global warming, particularly on the Antarctic Peninsula and in Pine Island Bay which together are contributing to a rise in sea levels.[57] In 2003 the Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed owing to global warming.[58] According to NASA, the most significant Antarctic melting in the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when a mass of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).[59] Also, although having no obvious effect on the continent's environment, there is a large ozone hole over Antarctica which was detected by scientists in 1973 and continues to grow to this day. The main cause is the emission of chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs into the atmosphere, which decompose the ozone into other gasses. For more on the ozone hole, see Ozone depletion.

A bridge made of ice based on the Leonardo da Vinci draft plans for a bridge over the Golden Horn in Istanbul was built in Antarctica in 2007. This project was a plea to the world to stop the causes of global warming in the hope that the "Leonardo Bridge" in Antarctica remains standing forever. (A similar ice bridge had been constructed in the garden of United Nations on 15 December 2007 for the purpose of demonstrating global warming. That bridge melted fully on Christmas Day 2007.)[citation needed]

On February 28 through March 8, 2008, about 570 square kilometers of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf in Western Antarctica suddenly collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 square kilometers of the ice shelf at risk. The ice is being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km wide.[60][61]

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See also

Antarctica Portal

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References

  1. ^ National Geophysical Data Center. National Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Retrieved on 9 June, 2006.
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert (1940). ἀνταρκτικός. A Greek-English Lexicon. Clarendon Press. Retrieved on 12 February 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d e Antarctica - The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency (2007-03-08). Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
  4. ^ The Mariners' Museum. Age of Exploration: John Cook. Retrieved on 12 February, 2006.
  5. ^ James Cook, The Journals, edited by Philip Edwards. Penguin Books, 2003, p. 250.
  6. ^ U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel of the National Science Foundation. Antarctica—Past and Present. Retrieved on 6 February, 2006.
  7. ^ Guy G. Guthridge. NATHANIEL BROWN PALMER, 1799-1877. NASA, U.S. Government. Retrieved on 2006-02-06.
  8. ^ Palmer Station. Retrieved on 2008-03-03.
  9. ^ An Antarctic Time Line: 1519–1959. south-pole.com. Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  10. ^ Antarctic Explorers Timeline: Early 1800s. Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  11. ^ South-Pole - Exploring Antarctica. south-pole.com. Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  12. ^ Antarctic Circle - Antarctic First (2005-02-09). Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  13. ^ Tannatt William Edgeworth David. Australian Government Antarctic Division. Retrieved on 2006-02-07.
  14. ^ Roald Amundsen. south-pole.com. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  15. ^ Richard Byrd. 70South.com. Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  16. ^ Dates in American Naval History: October. U.S. Navy. Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  17. ^ How Stuff Works: polar ice caps. howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  18. ^ Volcanoes. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved on 2006-02-13.
  19. ^ Scientists Discover Undersea Volcano Off Antarctica. United States National Science Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-02-13.
  20. ^ Lake Vostok. United States National Science Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-02-13.
  21. ^ Lake Vostok may teach us about Europa. NASA. Retrieved on 2006-02-04.
  22. ^ Extremophile Hunt Begins. NASA. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
  23. ^ a b (June 2002) in Stonehouse, B. (ed.): Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-98665-8. 
  24. ^ Leslie, Mitch (December, 2007). The Strange Lives of Polar Dinosaurs. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-01-24.
  25. ^ a b (September 2002) in Trewby, Mary (ed.): Antarctica: An Encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton. Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55297-590-8. 
  26. ^ a b Coldest spot on Earth
  27. ^ a b Weather in the Antarctic. British Antarctic Survey.. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  28. ^ R.K. Headland, The Island of South Georgia, Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  29. ^ Questions and answers. The Antarctic Sun. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  30. ^ Antarctic Wildlife. Australian Government Antarctic Division. Retrieved on 2006-02-05.
  31. ^ Creatures of Antarctica. Retrieved on 2006-02-06.
  32. ^ Toothfish at risk from illegal catches. BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-02-11.
  33. ^ Toothfish. Australian Government Antarctic Division. Retrieved on 2006-02-11.
  34. ^ Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle (2005), “What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean”, in Von Tigerstrom, Barbara, International Law Issues in the South Pacific, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 204, ISBN 0754644197  "Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims."
  35. ^ Mining Issues in Antarctica. Antarctica New Zealand. Retrieved on 2003-09-01.
  36. ^ Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC).
  37. ^ World Park Antarctica. Greenpeace International.
  38. ^ Greenpeace Antarctica. Greenpeace International.
  39. ^ Antarctica: exploration or exploitation?. New Scientist. Retrieved on 1991-06-22.
  40. ^ Antarctica, a tale of two treaties. New Scientist. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  41. ^ The Madrid Protocol. Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  42. ^ Antarctic Treaty Papers.
  43. ^ Antarctic Treaty. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  44. ^ Argentina in Antarctica. Antarctica Institute of Argentina. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  45. ^ Antarctic Service Medal. U.S. Navy. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  46. ^ La Antartica
  47. ^ http://www.afese.com/img/revistas/revista40/laantartida.pdf
  48. ^ Importance of Antarctica. Santa Barbara City College Biological Sciences. Retrieved on 2006-02-05.
  49. ^ Final Report, 30th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.
  50. ^ Politics of Antarctica. Retrieved on 2006-02-05.
  51. ^ Tourism threatens Antarctic. Telegraph UK. Retrieved on 2006-02-05.
  52. ^ Science in Antarctica. Antarctic Connection. Retrieved on 2006-02-04.
  53. ^ belspo.be - Princess Elisabeth Station
  54. ^ a b Meteorites from Antarctica. NASA. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  55. ^ Gorder, Pam Frost (June 1, 2006). Big Bang in Antarctica—Killer Crater Found Under Ice. Research News.
  56. ^ BBC NEWS, Ancient Antarctic eruption noted
  57. ^ a b The Economist, 3 November 2007, p. 78
  58. ^ British antarctic survey. First direct evidence that human activity is linked to Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapse.
  59. ^ Reuters (2007-05-16). Big area of Antarctica melted in 2005. CNN. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  60. ^ CNN (2008-03-25). Huge Antarctic ice chunk collapses. CNN. Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
  61. ^ CNN (2008-03-25). Massive ice shelf on verge of breakup. CNN. Retrieved on 2008-03-26.

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