American Civil War

Board Games

Computer Games

Forge of Freedom: The American Civil War (2006)
The History Channel: Civil War - A Nation Divided (2006)
Take Command (2004)

Miniatures Games

Enduring Valor: Gettysburg in Miniature (2002)

Notes

^ ^a ^b James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, from the article Who Freed the Slaves?
^ American Civil War, Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Abraham Lincoln, House Divided Speech, Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858
^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, page 34
^ Prevent, as far as possible, any of our friends from demoralizing themselves, and our cause, by entertaining propositions for compromise of any sort, on slavery extension. There is no possible compromise upon it, but which puts us under again, and leaves all our work to do over again. Whether it be a Mo. Line, or Eli Thayer's Pop. Sov. It is all the same. Let either be done, & immediately filibustering and extending slavery recommences. On that point hold firm, as with a chain of steel. - Abraham Lincoln to Elihu B. Washburne, December 13, 1860
^ Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery. If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again. The dangerous ground—that into which some of our friends have a hankering to run—is Pop. Sov. Have none of it. Stand firm. The tug has to come, & better now, than any time hereafter. - Abraham Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, December 10, 1860
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 241 and 253
^ Declarations of Causes for: Georgia, Adopted in January 29, 1861; Mississippi, Adopted in 1861 (no exact date found); South Carolina, Adopted in December 24, 1860; Texas, Adopted in February 2, 1861
^ The New Heresy, Southern Punch, editor John Wilford Overall, September 19, 1864 is one of many references that indicate that the Republican hope of gradually ending slavery was the Southern fear. It said in part, "Our doctrine is this: WE ARE FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE THAT OUR GREAT AND NECESSARY DOMESTIC INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY SHALL BE PRESERVED."
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 33-50. Potter argued that the states rights theory of causes (page 33) and various cultural and economic "causes" can't be separated from the slavery issue.
^ Jefferson Davis' Resolutions on the Relations of States, Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol, February 2, 1860, From The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 6, pp. 273-76. - Davis states' rights argument for slavery in the territories is as follows: Resolved, That the union of these States rests on the equality of rights and privileges among its members, and that it is especially the duty of the Senate, which represents the States in their sovereign capacity, to resist all attempts to discriminate either in relation to person or property, so as, in the Territories -- which are the common possession of the United States -- to give advantages to the citizens of one State which are not equally secured to those of every other State."
^ J.L.M. Curry: The Perils and Duty of the South - Speech Delivered in Talladega, Alabama, November 26, 1860 - This was one of many Southern states' rights arguments for defending slavery.
^ Lincoln's Speech in Chicago, December 10, 1856 in which he said, "We shall again be able not to declare, that 'all States as States, are equal,' nor yet that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader, better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men are created equal.'"; Also, Lincoln's Letter to Henry L. Pierce, April 6, 1859
^ Stampp, The Causes of the Civil War, pages 63–65 (A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States) and pages 152-153 (Cornerstone Speech). Stampp contrasted the former (Lost Cause) speech with Stephens' earlier Cornerstone Speech to show that Stephens reversed his opinion on causes.
^ Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing - 1852-1857, pages 267–269
^ William E. Gienapp, "The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War." in Boritt ed. Why the Civil War Came 79–123
^ McPherson, Battle Cry pages 88–91
^ Most of her slave owners are "decent, honorable people, themselves victims" of that institution. Much of her description was based on personal observation, and the descriptions of Southerners; she herself calls them and Legree representatives of different types of masters.;Gerson, Harriet Beecher Stowe, p.68; Stowe, Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1953) p. 39
^ Fox Butterfield; All God's Children page 17
^ Kenneth M. Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (1981) p 198; Woodworth, ed. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996), 145 151 505 512 554 557 684; Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (1969)
^ James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, page 11
^ James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," Civil War History 29 (September 1983)
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 485
^ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom 1988 p 242, 255, 282-83. Maps on page 101 (The Southern Economy) and page 236 (The Progress of Secession) are also relevant
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 503–505
^ Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ Otto H. Olsen (December 2004). Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States. Civil War History. Southernhistory.net. Retrieved on 2007-11-23.
^ James McPherson, Drawn with the Sword, page 15
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 275
^ First Lincoln Douglas Debate at Ottawa, Illinois August 21, 1858
^ Abraham Lincoln, Speech at New Haven, Conn., March 6, 1860
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, page 195
^ John Townsend, The Doom of Slavery in the Union, its Safety out of it, October 29, 1860
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, page 243
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 461
^ William C. Davis, Look Away, pages 130–140
^ William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, page 42
^ Winkler, E. A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.. Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Winkler, E. A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.. Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Speech of E.S. Dargan, in the Convention of Alabama, January 11, 1861
^ Schlesinger Age of Jackson, p.190
^ David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage (2006) p 197, 409; Stanley Harrold, The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861 (1995) p. 62; Jane H. and William H. Pease, "Confrontation and Abolition in the 1850s" Journal of American History (1972) 58(4): 923–937.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 356–384
^ Eric Foner. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (1970), p. 9
^ James McPherson, The Negro's Civil War, page 3
^ President James Buchanan, Message of December 8, 1860
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 284–287
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 290–293
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 293–297
^ Crofts pg. 341. In the core Unionist enclave of northwestern Virginia the vote was 30,586 to 10,021 against secession, although the total vote in the counties that would become West Virginia was a closer 34,677 to 19,121 against.
^ Although early estimates noted that Union soldiers from the region outnumbered Confederates by more than three to one, more recent and detailed studies have concluded that there were nearly equal numbers of Union and Confederate soldiers. http://www.wvculture.org/History/civwaran.html.
^ Mark Neely, Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties 1993 p. 10–11
^ Gabor Boritt, ed. War Comes Again (1995) p 247
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 234–266
^ Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861
^ Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861
^ ^a ^b David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 572–573
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 274
^ See the account at [1]
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 276–307
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 333–335
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 378–380
^ Heidler, 1651–53
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 373–377
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 339–345
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 342
^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, pages 464-519
^ Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, pages 263-296
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 424–427
^ ^a ^b McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 538-544
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 528–533
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 543–545
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 557–558
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 571–574
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 639–645
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 653–663
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 664
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 404–405
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 418–420
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 419–420
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 480–483
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 405–413
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 637–638
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 677–680
^ Civil War in Missouri Facts (1998). Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Mark E. Neely Jr.; "Was the Civil War a Total War?" Civil War History, Vol. 50, 2004 pp 434+
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 724–735
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 741-742
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 778–779
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 773–775
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 774–776
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 812–815
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 825–830
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 846–847
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 848–850
^ McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom page 495
^ McPherson, Battle Cry page 355, 494–6, quote from George Julian on 495.
^ Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861
^ Stephen B. Oates, Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths, page 106
^ Images of America: Altoona, by Sr. Anne Francis Pulling, 2001, 10.
^ Letter to Greeley, August 22, 1862
^ Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
^ Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864
^ James McPherson, The War that Never Goes Away
^ Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat, page 335
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 791–798
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 831-837
^ Bergeron, Arthur W., Jr. Louisianans in the Civil War, "Louisiana's Free Men of Color in Gray", University of Missouri Press, 2002, p. 107-109.
^ Jay Winik, April 1865. The Month that Saved America, p.51-59
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 557–558 and 563
^ Harper, Douglas (2003). SLAVERY in DELAWARE. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 840–842
^ U. S. Census of 1860
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 546–557
^ McPherson, Battle Cry 386
^ Allen Nevins, War for the Union 1862–1863, pages 263–264
^ Stephen B. Oates, The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861, page 125
^ Ward 1990 p 272
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 771–772
^ James McPherson, Why did the Confederacy Lose?
^ Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Railroad mileage is from: Chauncey Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, p. 111; For other data see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
^ Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum, 162. ISBN 9781400053636.
^ McPherson 313–16, 392–3
^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1591–98
^ McPherson 432–44
^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 598–603
^ Black Regiments. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ John Hope Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation (1965)
^ Faust, page 523. Quoting from an 1869 ethnicity study by B. A. Gould of the United States Sanitary Commission.
^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction - America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877, Harper & Row, 1988
^ Nofi, Al (2001-06-13). Statistics on the War's Costs. Louisiana State University. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page xix (from the introduction by C. Vann Woodward as of 1988)
^ {{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Craig|title=The Deadliest War|publisher=Harvard Magazine|date=May-June 2001| url=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050155.html|accessdate=2007-10-14} }

References

Main article: American Civil War bibliography

Overviews

Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986) influential analysis of factors; The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion (1988), abridged version
Catton, Bruce, The Civil War, American Heritage, 1960, ISBN 0-8281-0305-4, illustrated narrative
Crofts, Daniel W. Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis. (1989).
Davis, William C. The Imperiled Union, 1861–1865 3v (1983)
Donald, David et al. The Civil War and Reconstruction (latest edition 2001); 700 page survey
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Fellman, Michael et al. This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath (2003), 400 page survey
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative (3 volumes), (1974), ISBN 0-394-74913-8. Highly detailed narrative covering all fronts
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize
James M. McPherson. Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (2nd ed 1992), textbook
Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner
- 1. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857; 3. Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859; 4. Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861; 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
Rhodes, James Ford. History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1918), Pulitzer Prize; a short version of his 5-volume history
Ward, Geoffrey C. The Civil War (1990), based on PBS series by Ken Burns; visual emphasis
Weigley, Russell Frank. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 (2004); primarily military

Reference books and bibliographies

* Blair, Jayne E. The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies And Commanders (2006)

Carter, Alice E. and Richard Jensen. The Civil War on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites- 2nd ed. (2003)
Current, Richard N., et al. eds. Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) (ISBN 0-13-275991-8)
Faust, Patricia L. (ed.) Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (1986) (ISBN 0-06-181261-7) 2000 short entries
Esposito, Vincent J., West Point Atlas of American Wars online edition 1995
Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1600 entries in 2700 pages in 5 vol or 1-vol editions
Resch, John P. et al., Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900 (2005)
Tulloch, Hugh. The Debate on the American Civil War Era (1999), historiography
Wagner, Margaret E. Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman, eds. The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference (2002)
Woodworth, Steven E. ed. American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996) (ISBN 0-313-29019-9), 750 pages of historiography and bibliography

Biographies

* American National Biography 24 vol (1999), essays by scholars on all major figures; online and hardcover editions at many libraries

McHenry, Robert ed. Webster's American Military Biographies (1978)
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, (1964), ISBN 0-8071-0822-7
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders, (1959), ISBN 0-8071-0823-5

Soldiers

* Hess, Earl J. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (1997)

McPherson, James. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998)
Wiley, Bell Irvin. The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (1962) (ISBN 0-8071-0475-2)
Wiley, Bell Irvin. Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952) (ISBN 0-8071-0476-0)

Primary sources

* Commager, Henry Steele (ed.). The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants. (1950), excerpts from primary sources

Hesseltine, William B. ed.; The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1962), excerpts from primary sources

External links

Ohio in the Civil War Archive: Collaborative research archive
Declarations of Causes of Secession
Alexander Stephens' Cornerstone Speech
Lincoln's Call for Troops
The Civil War Home Page
Civil War photos at the National Archives
Civil War in Virginia
Online texts of Civil War books at the National Park Service
University of Tennessee: U.S. Civil War Generals
The Civil War, a PBS documentary by Ken Burns
Individual state's contributions to the Civil War: California, Florida, Illinois #1, Illinois #2, Ohio, Pennsylvania
State declarations of the causes of secession: Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, South Carolina
Civil War Memorials in & around D.C. (with photos)
WWW-VL: History: USA Civil War 1855-1865
Civil War Preservation Trust
Description and Pictures of Civil War Battlefields Over 2,100 pictures from Civil War sites

Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College.
”Fort Morgan and the Battle of Mobile Bay”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
”Battle of Prairie Grove: Civilian Recollections of the Civil War”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
“Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
TOCWOC Civil War Blog A group Civil War blog consisting of informed amateurs.
Civil War Books and Authors Blog A Civil War blog focusing mainly on book reviews.
Civil War Bookshelf American Civil War historiography and publishing blogged daily by Dimitri Rotov.

v • d • e

American Civil War

Issues

Origins	Antebellum · Bleeding Kansas · Border states · Secession · States' rights

Slavery	African-Americans · Emancipation Proclamation · Fugitive slave laws · Slave power · Uncle Tom's Cabin

Abolition	John Brown · Frederick Douglass · William Lloyd Garrison · Lysander Spooner · Harriet Tubman · Underground Railroad

Combatants

Union (USA) · Union Army · Union Navy
Confederacy (CSA) · Confederate States Army · Confederate States Navy

Theaters

Eastern · Western · Lower Seaboard · Trans-Mississippi · Pacific Coast · Union naval blockade

Campaigns

Anaconda Plan · New Mexico · Jackson's Valley · Peninsula · Northern Virginia · Maryland · Stones River · Vicksburg · Tullahoma · Gettysburg · Morgan's Raid · Bristoe · Knoxville · Red River · Overland · Atlanta · Valley 1864 · Bermuda Hundred · Richmond-Petersburg · Franklin-Nashville · Price's Raid · Sherman's March · Carolinas · Appomattox

Major
battles

Fort Sumter · 1st Bull Run · Wilson's Creek · Fort Donelson · Pea Ridge · Hampton Roads · Shiloh · New Orleans · Seven Pines · Seven Days · 2nd Bull Run · Antietam · Perryville · Fredericksburg · Stones River · Chancellorsville · Gettysburg · Vicksburg · Chickamauga · Chattanooga · Wilderness · Spotsylvania · Cold Harbor · Atlanta · Mobile Bay · Franklin · Nashville · Five Forks

Key
Confederate
leaders

Military	R.H. Anderson · Beauregard · Bragg · Cooper · Early · Ewell · Forrest · Gorgas · Hill · Hood · Jackson · A.S. Johnston · J.E. Johnston · Lee · Longstreet · Morgan · Mosby · Price · Quantrill · Semmes · E.K. Smith · Stuart · Taylor · Wheeler

Civilian	Benjamin · Davis · Mallory · Seddon · Stephens

Key
Union
leaders

Military	Anderson · Buell · Butler · Burnside · Du Pont · Farragut · Foote · Grant · Halleck · Hooker · Hunt · McClellan · McDowell · Meade · Meigs · Pope · D.D. Porter · Rosecrans · Scott · Sheridan · Sherman · Thomas

Civilian	Adams · Chase · Ericsson · Lincoln · Pinkerton · Seward · Stanton · Stevens · Wade · Welles

Aftermath

13th Amendment · 14th Amendment · 15th Amendment · Alabama Claims · Carpetbaggers · Freedmen's Bureau · Jim Crow laws · Ku Klux Klan · Reconstruction · Redeemers

State
involvement

AL · AZ · AR · CA · CO · CT · DC · DE · FL · GA · ID · IL · IN · IA · KS · KY · LA · ME · MD · MA · MI · MN · MS · MO · NH · NV · NJ · NM · NY · NC · OH · OK · OR · PA · RI · SC · TN · TX · VT · VA · WV · WI

Topics

Military	Balloons · Bushwhacker · Cavalry · Field Artillery · Military Leadership · Naval battles · Official Records · Signal Corps

Political	Committee on the Conduct · Copperheads · Political General · Radical Republicans · Trent Affair · War Democrats

Other	Civil War Timeline · List of Civil War Topics · Naming the War · Draft Riots · Photography · Rail Transport · Supreme Court Cases · Turning points