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Aluminium



Aluminium is primary among the factors that contribute to the loss of plant production on acid soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, the concentration in acid soils of toxic Al3+ cations increases and disturbs root growth and function.

Wheat's adaptation to allow aluminium tolerance is such that the aluminium induces a release of organic compounds that bind to the harmful aluminium cations. Sorghum is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism. The first gene for aluminium tolerance has been identified in wheat. A group in the U.S. Department of Agriculture showed that sorghum's aluminium tolerance is controlled by a single gene, as for wheat. This is not the case in all plants.

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See also

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References

  1. ^ Bassam Z. Shakhashiri. Chemical of the Week: Aluminum. Science is Fun. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
  2. ^ a b I. J. Polmear, Light Alloys, Arnold, 1995
  3. ^ G. E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, 1988
  4. ^ John F. Cochran and D. E. Mapother (July 1958). "Superconducting Transition in Aluminum". Physical Review 111 (1): 132–142. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.111.132. 
  5. ^ Robert T. Dodd, Thunderstones and Shooting Stars, pp. 89-90. ISBN 0-674-89137-6.
  6. ^ Guilbert, John M. and Carles F. Park, The Geology of Ore Deposits, Freeman, 1986, pp. 774-795 ISBN 0-7167-1456-6
  7. ^ S Venetski (July 1969). ""Silver" from clay" (translated). Metallurgist 13 (7): 451–453. doi:10.1007/BF00741130. 
  8. ^ ChemMatters October 1990 Page 14
  9. ^ Aluminium Smelters. AME Mineral Economics. Retrieved on 2008-04-17.
  10. ^ Benefits of Recycling. Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
  11. ^ The Australian Industry. Australian Aluminium Council. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  12. ^ Australian Bauxite. Australian Aluminium Council. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  13. ^ Eberly College of Science (13 January 2005). "Clusters of Aluminum Atoms Found to Have Properties of Other Elements Reveal a New Form of Chemistry". Press release.
  14. ^ "aluminum". Encyclopædia Britannica. 
  15. ^ L E Hetherington, T J Brown, A J Benham, P A J Lusty, N E Idoine (2007). World Mineral Production: 2001 - 2005 (available online), British Geological Survey. ISBN 978-0-85272-592-4. 
  16. ^ L. S. Millberg. Aluminum Foil. How Products are Made. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  17. ^ Aluminum in Watchmaking
  18. ^ Yinon Bentor. Periodic Table: Aluminum. ChemicalElements.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  19. ^ Pierre Berthier. Today in Science History. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  20. ^ George J. Binczewski (1995). "The Point of a Monument: A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument". JOM 47 (11): 20–25. 
  21. ^ "Cowles' Aluminium Alloys" (January 1886). The Manufacturer and Builder 18 (1): 13. New York: Western and Company, via Cornell University Library.  and McMillan, Walter George (1891). A Treatise on Electro-Metallurgy. London, Philadelphia: Charles Griffin and Company, J.B. Lippincott Company, via Google Books scan of New York Public Library copy, 302-305. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.  and Sackett, William Edgar, John James Scannell and Mary Eleanor Watson (1917/1918). New Jersey's First Citizens. New Jersey: J.J. Scannell via Google Books scan of New York Public Library copy, 103-105. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  22. ^ a b US400,664 (PDF version) (1889-04-02) Charles Martin Hall Process of Reducing Aluminium from its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis 
  23. ^ Donald Holmes Wallace [1937] (1977). Market Control in the Aluminum Industry. Harvard University Press via Ayer Publishing via Google Books limited view, 6. ISBN 0-4050-9786-7. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. 
  24. ^ Aluminum prices
  25. ^ "alumium", Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner, second edition Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. OED Online Oxford University Press. Accessed October 29, 2006. Citation is listed as "1808 SIR H. DAVY in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 353". The ellipsis in the quotation is as it appears in the OED citation.
  26. ^ "aluminum", ibid. Citation is listed as "1812 SIR H. DAVY Chem. Philos. I. 355"
  27. ^ "aluminium", ibid. Citation is listed as "1812 Q. Rev. VIII. 72"
  28. ^ Peter Meiers. Manufacture of Aluminum. The History of Fluorine, Fluoride and Fluoridation.
  29. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 
  30. ^ John Bremner, Words on Words: A Dictionary for Writers and Others Who Care about Words, page 22–23. ISBN 0-231-04493-3
  31. ^ IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements
  32. ^ IUPAC Web site publication search for 'aluminum'
  33. ^ Banks, W.A.; Kastin, A.J. (1989). "Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier.". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 13 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X. 
  34. ^ Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7
  35. ^ Alzheimer's Disease and Aluminum. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (October 2005).
  36. ^ Michael Hopkin. "Death of Alzheimer victim linked to aluminium pollution", news @ nature.com, 21 April 2006. 

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