Allied war crimes during World War II
"Death rates of POWs held is one measure of adherence to the standards of the treaties because substandard treatment leads to death of prisoners." The "democratic states generally provide good treatment of POWs".[63]
[
Death rates of POWs held by Axis powers
- Chinese POWs held by Japan: > 99% (only 56 survivors at the end of the war)[64]
- US and British Commonwealth POWs held by Germany: ~4% [63]
- Soviet POWs held by Germany: 57.5% [65]
- Western Allied POWs held by Japan: 27% [66]
[
Death rates of POWs held by the Allies
- German POWs in East European (not including the Soviet Union) hands 32.9%[65]
- German soldiers held by Soviet Union: 15-33% (14.7% in The Dictators by Richard Overy, 35.8% in Ferguson[65])
- Japanese POWs held by Soviet Union: 10%
- German POWs in British hands 0.03%[65]
- German POWs in American hands 0.15%[65]
- German POWs in French hands 2.58%[65]
- Japanese POWs held by U.S.: relatively low, mainly suicides according to James D. Morrow[67] or according to Ulrich Straus high as many prisoners were shot by front line troops.[46]
[
See also
- Eisenhower and German POWs
- Operation Keelhaul
- Betrayal of Cossacks
- 1944-1945 Killings in Bačka
- Foibe massacres
- Soviet war crimes (WWII)
- Victor's justice
- Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
- Bad Nenndorf interrogation centre
[
References
- ^ a b Richard Blanke, The American Historical Review, Vol. 97, No. 2. Apr., 1992, pp. 580-582. Review of: Włodzimierz Jastrzębski,Der Bromberger Blutsonntag: Legende und Wirklichkeit. and Andrzej Brożek, Niemcy zagraniczni w polityce kolonizacji pruskich prowincji wschodnich (1886-1918) JSTOR
- ^ Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, University of Nebrasca Press, Google Print, p.442 (footnote 84)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Christian Raitz von Frentz, A Lesson Forgotten: Minority Protection Under the League of Nations, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, Google Print, p.252 - 254
- ^ Perry Biddiscombe, Alexander Perry, Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944-1946, University of TorontoPress, 1998, ISBN 0802008623, Google Print, p.207
- ^ a b The Shadow of Death: The Holocaust in Lithuania
- ^ Study: Soviet Prisoners-of-War (POWs), 1941-42 website of Gendercide Watch
- ^ Matthew White Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm: Stalin
- ^ POWs and the laws of war: World War II legacy © 2003 Educational Broadcasting Corporation
- ^ Jennifer K. Elsea (Legislative Attorney American Law Division) Federation of American Scientists CRS Report for Congress Lawfulness of Interrogation Techniques under the Geneva Conventions (PDF) September 8, 2004. Page 24 first paragraph see also footnotes 93 and 87
- ^ Mithcham, Samuel and Friedrich von Stauffenberg The Battle of Sicily
- ^ The official historian of the Canadian Army, C.P. Stacey, noted in his autobiography that it was the only incident he was aware of that could be considered a "war crime" associated with Canadian soldiers in World War II. see: Stacey, C.P. A Date With History
- ^ a b Luke Harding German historian provokes row over war photos in The Guardian, October 21, 2003
- ^ Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (directors), The War, Episode 6, "The Ghost Front"
- ^ Albert Panebianco (ed). Dachau its liberation 57th Infantry Association, Felix L. Sparks, Secretary 15 June 1989. (backup site)
- ^ Richard Dominic Wiggers. "The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II" p. 288
- ^ Nicholas Balabkins, "Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945 - 1948", Rutgers University Press, 1964 p. 101
- ^ Richard Dominic Wiggers. "The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II" p. 274
- ^ Richard Dominic Wiggers p. 279. "In postwar Germany and Japan, the U.S. Army financed the most urgent food imports by citing obligations under Article 43 of The Hague Rules of Land Warfare."
- ^ Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944–1945, James Mark, Past & Present 188 (2005) 133-161
- ^ Excerpt, Chapter one The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002 - William I. Hitchcock - 2003 - ISBN 0-385-49798-9
- ^ A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950 - Alfred-Maurice de Zayas - 1994 - ISBN 0-312-12159-8
- ^ Barefoot in the Rubble - Elizabeth B. Walter - 1997 - ISBN 0-9657793-0-0
- ^ Antony Beevor "They raped every German female from eight to 80" in The Guardian May 1, 2002
- ^ a b c Norman M. Naimark. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949. Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-674-78405-7 pp 74-75
- ^ a b Roehner, Bertrand M., RELATIONS BETWEEN ALLIED FORCES AND THE POPULATIONS OF GERMANY AND AUSTRIA, Self-published, p. 23, <http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocg.pdf>. Retrieved on 27 May 2008, citing note 27 in Biddiscombe (2001), Dangerous liaisons: the anti-fraternization movement in the U.S. occupation zones of Germany and Austria 1945-1948, vol. 34, pp. 611-647
- ^ Judgement : Doenitz the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School
- ^ Gary E. Weir Silent Defense One Hundred Years of the American Submarine Force, U.S. Naval Historical Center, Section "Shaping an Identity". Accessed 25 April 2008. "Thus, when Admiral Thomas Hart proclaimed unrestricted submarine warfare against Japan on 8 December 1941, it came as no surprise"
- ^ Shimoda et al. v. The State, Tokyo District Court, 7 December 1963
- ^ Falk, Richard A.. "The Claimants of Hiroshima", The Nation, 1965-02-15. reprinted in (1966) "The Shimoda Case: Challenge and Response", in Richard A. Falk, Saul H. Mendlovitz eds.: The Strategy of World Order. Volume: 1. New York: World Law Fund, pp. 307-13.
- ^ International Review of the Red Cross no 323, p.347-363 The Law of Air Warfare (1998)
- ^ John Bolton The Risks and Weaknesses of the International Criminal Court from America's Perspective, (page 4) Law and Contemporary Problems January 2001, while US ambassador to the United Nations
- ^ Jeff Kingston, "Images of a common brutality" (Japan Times, February 24, 2002) Accessed: 26/05/2007. (Kingston is a history professor at Temple University Japan.)
- ^ Cited by Kingston, 2001.
- ^ John W. Dower, 1986, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (Pantheon: New York. ISBN 0-394-75172-8), p.35.
- ^ John W. Dower, 1986, War Without Mercy, p.68.
- ^ a b John W. Dower, 1986, War Without Mercy, p.69.
- ^ a b Rummel 1991, p. 112
- ^ a b Rummel 1991, p. 113
- ^ Rudolph J. Rummel, 1991, China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (ISBN 0-88738-417X) Transaction Publishers), p.115.
- ^ Tom Mintier, "Photos document brutality in Shanghai" (CNN, September 23, 1996. Access date: August 25, 2007.
- ^ Ben Fenton, "American troops 'murdered Japanese PoWs'" (Daily Telegraph (UK), 06/08/2005), accessed 26/05/2007. (Adrich is a Professor of History at Nottingham University.)
- ^ Ben Fenton, "American troops 'murdered Japanese PoWs'" (Daily Telegraph (UK), 06/08/2005), accessed 26/05/2007
- ^ Niall Fergusson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat", War in History, 2004, 11 (2): 148–192
- ^ a b Niall Ferguson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat", War in History, 2004, 11 (2): p.150
- ^ Ferguson 2004, p.181
- ^ a b c d e Ulrich Straus, The Anguish Of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II (excerpts) (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0-295-98336-3, p.116
- ^ Niall Fergusson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat", War in History, 2004, 11 (2): p.176.
- ^ James J. Weingartner “Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941–1945” Pacific Historical Review (1992) p. 55
- ^ Niall Fergusson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat", War in History, 2004, 11 (2): p.182
- ^ Christopher Bayly & Tim Harper, 2004, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941-1945, (Allen Lane: London. ISBN 0-713-99463-0), p. 388.
- '^ Xavier Guillaume, "A Heterology of American GIs during World War II". H-US-Japan (July, 2003). Access date: January 4, 2008.
- ^ Simon Harrison “Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S) 12, 817-836 (2006) p.818
- ^ Simon Harrison “Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S) 12, 817-836 (2006)p. 827
- ^ Simon Harrison “Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S) 12, 817-836 (2006) p.827
- ^ Simon Harrison “Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S) 12, 817-836 (2006) p.828
- ^ a b James J. Weingartner “Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941 – 1945” Pacific Historical Review (1992) p.59
- ^ ICRC Commentaries on the Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War Article 5 "Under the present provision, the Convention applies to persons who "fall into the power" of the enemy. This term is also used in the opening sentence of Article 4, replacing the expression "captured" which was used in the 1929 Convention (Article 1). It indicates clearly that the treatment laid down by the Convention is applicable not only to military personnel taken prisoner in the course of fighting, but also to those who fall into the hands of the adversary following surrender or mass capitulation."
- ^ United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers, 1945. European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany Volume III (1945) Page 1384
- ^ S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 3. (September 1994), pp. 487-520.
- ^ Walter Stanoski Winter, Walter Winter, Struan Robertson: Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who Survived Auschwitz. 2004. Page 139. ISBN 1902806387.
- ^ U.S. (and French) abuse of German PoWs, 1945-1948
- ^ Midnight Massacre. TIME. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
- ^ a b James D. Morrow. The Institutional Features of the Prisoners of War Treaties, Center for Political Studies at The University of Michigan
- ^ Herbert Bix, 2000,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan HarperCollins. (ISBN 0-06-019314-X) p. 360
- ^ a b c d e f Niall Ferguson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat" War in History 2004 11 (2) 148–192 pg. 186 (Table 4)
- ^ Yuki Tanaka, 1996,Hidden Horrors (Westview Press) (ISBN 0-81-332718-0) pp. 2-3.
- ^ James D. Morrow The Institutional Features of the Prisoners of War Treaties, Center for Political Studies at The University of Michigan, p. 22
[
Further reading
- Books
- Dower, J.W. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War, (London and Boston, 1986)
- Lily, J. Robert, (not yet published). TAKEN BY FORCE; Rape and American Soldiers in the European Theater of Operations, WW2, Palgrave Macmillan June 2007 ISBN 0-230-50647-X
- Ferguson, Niall. Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat, War in History, Vol. 11, No. 2, 148-192 (2004)
- Veale F.J.P. Advance to Barbarism, Appleton Wisconsin: C.C. Nelson Publishing Co., 1953
- Articles
- Cobain, Ian. Revealed: UK wartime torture camp, The Guardian, November 12, 2005.
- Drayton, Richard. "An ethical blank cheque" British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making, The Guardian, May 10, 2005
- Várdy, Steven Béla and Tooly, T. Hunt: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe Available as MS Word for Windows file (3.4 MB) Section: by Richard Dominic Wiggers, The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II pp. 274 - 288
.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia_(civil).svg.png){kind=small}
.png/22px-Flag_of_Mexico_(1934-1968).png){kind=small}
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_(1889-1960).svg.png){kind=small}
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946).svg.png){kind=small}
For more information review our copyright contact and privacy policy.