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Albert Einstein



When he was a visible figure working against the rise of Nazism, Einstein had sought help and developed working relationships in both the West and what was to become the Soviet bloc. After World War II, enmity between the former allies became a very serious issue for people with international résumés. To make things worse, during the first days of McCarthyism Einstein was writing about a single world government; it was at this time that he wrote, "I do not know how the third World War will be fought, but I can tell you what they will use in the Fourth—rocks!"[80] In a 1949 Monthly Review article entitled "Why Socialism?"[81] Albert Einstein described a chaotic capitalist society, a source of evil to be overcome, as the "predatory phase of human development" (Einstein 1949). With Albert Schweitzer and Bertrand Russell, Einstein lobbied to stop nuclear testing and future bombs. Days before his death, Einstein signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which led to the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.[82]

Einstein was a member of several civil rights groups, including the Princeton chapter of the NAACP. When the aged W. E. B. Du Bois was accused of being a Communist spy, Einstein volunteered as a character witness, and the case was dismissed shortly afterward. Einstein's friendship with activist Paul Robeson, with whom he served as co-chair of the American Crusade to End Lynching, lasted twenty years.[83]

In 1946, Einstein collaborated with Rabbi Israel Goldstein, Middlesex University heir C. Ruggles Smith, and activist attorney George Alpert on the Albert Einstein Foundation for Higher Learning, Inc., which was formed to create a Jewish-sponsored secular university, open to all students, on the grounds of the former Middlesex University in Waltham, Massachusetts. Middlesex was chosen in part because it was accessible from both Boston and New York City, Jewish cultural centers of the U.S. Their vision was a university "deeply conscious both of the Hebraic tradition of Torah looking upon culture as a birthright, and of the American ideal of an educated democracy."[84] The collaboration was stormy, however. Finally, when Einstein wanted to appoint British economist Harold Laski as the university's president, Alpert wrote that Laski was "a man utterly alien to American principles of democracy, tarred with the Communist brush."[84] Einstein withdrew his support and barred the use of his name.[85] The university opened in 1948 as Brandeis University. In 1953, Brandeis offered Einstein an honorary degree, but he declined.[84]

Given Einstein's links to Germany and Zionism, his socialistic ideals, and his links to Communist figures, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation kept a file on Einstein[86] that grew to 1,427 pages. Many of the documents in the file were sent to the FBI by concerned citizens: some objecting to his immigration, while others asked the FBI to protect him.[87]

Although Einstein had long been sympathetic to the notion of vegetarianism, it was only near the start of 1954 that he adopted a strict vegetarian diet.[88]

Death

On April 17, 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an aortic aneurysm, which had previously been diagnosed and reinforced.[89] He took a draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the State of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live long enough to complete it.[90] He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end. Einstein's remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered.[91][92]

Before the cremation, Princeton Hospital pathologist Thomas Stoltz Harvey removed Einstein's brain for preservation, without the permission of his family, in hope that the neuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent.[93]

Legacy

While travelling, Einstein had written daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters, Margot and Ilse, and the letters were included in the papers bequeathed to The Hebrew University. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986[94]). Barbara Wolff, of The Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archives, told the BBC that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.[95]

The United States' National Academy of Sciences commissioned the Albert Einstein Memorial, a monumental bronze and marble sculpture by Robert Berks, dedicated in 1979 at its Washington, D.C. campus adjacent to the National Mall.

Einstein bequeathed the royalties from use of his image to The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Roger Richman Agency licenses the use of his name and associated imagery, as agent for the Hebrew University.[96]

Honors

See also: List of things named after Albert Einstein

In 1999, Albert Einstein was named "Person of the Century" by Time magazine,[97][98] the Gallup poll recorded him as the fourth most admired person of the 20th century[99] and according to The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Einstein is "the greatest scientist of the twentieth century and one of the supreme intellects of all time."[100]

Albert Einstein Memorial located on the public grounds of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Albert Einstein Memorial located on the public grounds of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

A partial list of his memorials:

In 1990, his name was added to the Walhalla temple.[102]

Impact on popular culture

Main article: Albert Einstein in popular culture

In the period before World War II, Albert Einstein was so well-known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory". He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries. He told his inquirers "Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein."[103]

Albert Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, and plays. Einstein is a favorite model for depictions of mad scientists and absent-minded professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true."[98]

Einstein's association with great intelligence has made the name Einstein synonymous with genius, often used in ironic expressions such as "Nice job, Einstein!".

See also

Publications

The following publications by Albert Einstein are referenced in this article. A more complete list of his publications may be found at List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein.

  • Einstein, Albert (1901), “Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen (Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity)”, Annalen der Physik 4: 513 
  • Einstein, Albert (1905a), “On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light”, Annalen der Physik 17: 132–148 . This annus mirabilis paper on the photoelectric effect was received by Annalen der Physik March 18.
  • Einstein, Albert (1905b), A new determination of molecular dimensions . This PhD thesis was completed April 30 and submitted July 20.
  • Einstein, Albert (1905c), “On the Motion—Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat—of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid”, Annalen der Physik 17: 549–560 . This annus mirabilis paper on Brownian motion was received May 11.
  • Einstein, Albert (1905d), “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”, Annalen der Physik 17: 891–921 . This annus mirabilis paper on special relativity was received June 30.
  • Einstein, Albert (1905e), “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?”, Annalen der Physik 18: 639–641 . This annus mirabilis paper on mass-energy equivalence was received September 27.
  • Einstein, Albert (1915), “Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation)”, Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften: 844–847 
  • Einstein, Albert (1917a), “Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity)”, Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften 
  • Einstein, Albert (1917b), “Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation)”, Physikalische Zeitschrift 18: 121–128 
  • Einstein, Albert (July 11, 1923), “Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity”, Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, <http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.pdf>. Retrieved on 25 March 2007 
  • Einstein, Albert (1924), “Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases (Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases)”, Sitzungsberichte der Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Physikalisch—Mathematische Klasse: 261–267 . First of a series of papers on this topic.
  • Einstein, Albert (1926), “Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes”, Die Naturwissenschaften: 223-224 . On Baer's law and meanders in the courses of rivers.
  • Einstein, Albert; Podolsky, Boris & Rosen, Nathan (May 15, 1935), “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?”, Physical Review 47 (10): 777–780 
  • Einstein, Albert (1940), “On Science and Religion”, Nature 146 
  • Einstein, Albert, et al. (December 4, 1948), “To the editors”, New York Times, <http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html> 
  • Einstein, Albert (May 1949), “Why Socialism?”, Monthly Review, <http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm>. Retrieved on 16 January 2006 
  • Einstein, Albert (1950), “On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation”, Scientific American CLXXXII (4): 13–17 
  • Einstein, Albert (1954), Ideas and Opinions, New York: Random House, ISBN 0-517-00393-7 
  • Einstein, Albert (1969), Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel 1916–1955, Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung 
  • Einstein, Albert (1979), Autobiographical Notes (Centennial ed.), Chicago: Open Court, ISBN 0-875-48352-6 . The chasing a light beam thought experiment is described on pages 48–51.
  • Collected Papers: Stachel, John, Martin J. Klein, a. J. Kox, Michel Janssen, R. Schulmann, Diana Komos Buchwald and others (Eds.) (1987–2006). The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol 1–10. Princeton University Press.  Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project.

References

  1. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
  2. ^ Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor (1951). Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Volume II. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition), pp. 730–746.  His non-scientific works include: About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by Sigmund Freud), The World As I See It (1934), Out of My Later Years (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, The Evolution of Physics (1938, co-authored by Leopold Infeld).
  3. ^ Albert Einstein - Biography. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-07.
  4. ^ Durrani, Matin. Physics: past, present, future. Physics World. Retrieved on 2007-11-27.
  5. ^ Rosenkranz, Ze'ev (2005). Albert Einstein — Derrière l'image. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 29. ISBN 3-03823-182-7. 
  6. ^ Sowell, Thomas (2001). The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late. Basic Books, 89–150. ISBN 0-465-08140-1. 
  7. ^ Schilpp (Ed.), P. A. (1979). Albert Einstein — Autobiographical Notes. Open Court Publishing Company, 8–9. 
  8. ^ a b Dudley Herschbach, "Einstein as a Student," Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, page 3, web: HarvardChem-Einstein-PDF: about Max Talmud visited on Thursdays for six years.
  9. ^ Mehra, Jagdish. Albert Einstein's first paper. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
  10. ^ Highfield, Roger (1993), The Private Lives of Albert Einstein, London: Faber and Faber, pp. 21, ISBN 0-571-17170-2 
  11. ^ Highfield (1993), pp. 21,31,56–57)
  12. ^ Ibid.[citation needed]
  13. ^ A Brief Biography of Albert Einstein (April 2005). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  14. ^ Einstein's nationalities at einstein-website.de. Retrieved on 4 October, 2006.
  15. ^ Now the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property. Retrieved on 16 October, 2006.. See also their FAQ about Einstein and the Institute.
  16. ^ a b Peter Galison, "Einstein's Clocks: The Question of Time" Critical Inquiry 26, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 355–389.
  17. ^ a b Galison, Peter (2003). Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393020010. 
  18. ^ E.g. Pais, Abraham (1982), Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, p. 17, ISBN 0-19-520438-7 
  19. ^ This conclusion is from Einstein's correspondence with Marić. Lieserl is first mentioned in a letter from Einstein to Marić (who was abroad at the time of Lieserl's birth) dated February 4, 1902 (Collected papers Vol. 1, document 134).
  20. ^ Highfield (1993), pp. 54,58): "she did not seem to care that Mileva was not Jewish"
  21. ^ Oregon Public Broadcasting (2003), Einstein's Wife: The Life of Mileva Maric Einstein, Public Broadcasting Service, <http://www.pbs.org/opb/einsteinswife/>. Retrieved on 8 November 2006  This web site, companion to the controversial Geraldine Hilton documentary of the same name, is currently under review for historical accuracy. (See Getler, Michael (December 15, 2006), “Einstein’s Wife: The Relative Motion of ‘Facts’”, PBS Ombudsman, <http://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2006/12/einsteins_wife_the_relative_motion_of_facts.html>. Retrieved on 25 March 2007 .)
  22. ^ Letter Einstein to Marić on October 3, 1900 (Collected Papers Vol. 1, document 79).
  23. ^ Alberto A Martínez. Arguing about Einstein's wife (April 2004) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb (See above). Retrieved on 21 November, 2005.
  24. ^ Allen Esterson. Mileva Marić: Einstein’s Wife. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
  25. ^ John Stachel. “Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric. A Collaboration That Failed to Develop” in: Creative Couples in the Sciences, H. M. Pycior et al. (ed). Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
  26. ^ Short life history: Elsa Einstein. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  27. ^ On the reception of relativity theory around the world, and the different controversies it encountered, see the articles in Thomas F. Glick, ed., The Comparative Reception of Relativity (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987), ISBN 9027724989.
  28. ^ Pais, Abraham (1982), Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, pp. 382–386, ISBN 0-19-520438-7 
  29. ^ Pais, Abraham (1982), Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, p. 522, ISBN 0-19-520438-7 
  30. ^ Levenson, Thomas. "Einstein's Big Idea." Public Broadcasting Service. 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2006.
  31. ^ Einstein, Albert (1911). "On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light". Annalen der Physik 35: 898–908.  (also in Collected Papers Vol. 3, document 23)
  32. ^ a b Crelinsten, Jeffrey. "Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity." Princeton University Press. 2006. Retrieved on March 13, 2007. ISBN 9780691123103
  33. ^ Kant, Horst. "Albert Einstein and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin." in Renn, Jürgen. "Albert Einstein - Chief Engineer of the Universe: One Hundred Authors for Einstein." Ed. Renn, Jürgen. Wiley-VCH. 2005. pp. 166–169. ISBN = 3527405747
  34. ^ Two friends in Leiden. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  35. ^ Crelinsten, Jeffrey (2006), Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Princeton University Press, pp. 103–108, ISBN 978-0-691-12310-3, <http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/8165.html>. Retrieved on 13 March 2007 
  36. ^ Crelinsten, Jeffrey (2006), Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Princeton University Press, pp. 114–119, ISBN 978-0-691-12310-3, <http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/8165.html>. Retrieved on 13 March 2007 
  37. ^ a b Andrzej, Stasiak (2003). "Myths in science". EMBO reports 4 (3): 236. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.embor779. 
  38. ^ "The genius of space and time", The Guardian, September 17, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-31. 
  39. ^ Schmidhuber, Jürgen. "ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879–1955) and the 'Greatest Scientific Discovery Ever'." 2006. Retrieved on October 4, 2006.
  40. ^ See the table in MathPages Bending Light
  41. ^ Hentschel, Klaus; Hentschel, Ann M. "Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources." Birkhaeuser Verlag. 1996. p. xxi. ISBN 3764353120
  42. ^ For a discussion of astronomers' attitudes and debates about relativity, see Jeffrey Crelinsten, Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity (Princeton University Press, 2006), esp. chapters 6, 9, 10 and 11.
  43. ^ See Albert Einstein, "Geometry and Experience," (1921), reprinted in Ideas and Opinions.
  44. ^ A Unified Physics by 2050?. Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
  45. ^ Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics (2001-10-09). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  46. ^ "Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz." Instituut-Lorentz. 2005. Retrieved on November 21, 2005.
  47. ^ Moore, Walter (1989). Schrödinger: Life and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43767-9. 
  48. ^ Goettling, Gary. "Einstein's Refrigerator." Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine. 1998. Retrieved on November 21, 2005.
  49. ^ On November 11, 1930, U.S. Patent 1,781,541  was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator.
  50. ^ A reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, ISBN 388682005X
  51. ^ Aspect, Alain; Dalibard, Jean; Roger, Gérard (1982). "Experimental test of Bell's inequalities using time-varying analyzers". Physical Review Letters 49 (25): 1804–1807. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804.  The first of many experimental tests relating to EPR.
  52. ^ Brian, Dennis (1996), Einstein: A Life, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 127, ISBN 0-471-11459-6 
  53. ^ Albert Einstein in a letter to M. Berkowitz, October 25, 1950; Einstein Archive 59-215; from Alice Calaprice, ed., The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 216.
  54. ^ a b Albert Einstein (1879-1955). Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  55. ^ Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman (eds) (1981). Albert Einstein, The Human Side. Princeton University Press, 43. 
  56. ^ Einstein, Albert (1949). The World as I See It. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0806527900. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. 
  57. ^ Einstein, A. (1940). "Science and religion". Nature 146: 605–607. doi:10.1038/146605a0. 
  58. ^ a b "Einstein's letter: God and supersitition—What he wrote", The Guardian, 2008-05-13. Retrieved on 2008-05-16. 
  59. ^ Jammer, Max (1999), Einstein and Religion, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-00699-7 
  60. ^ Clark, Ronald W. (1971), Einstein: The Life and Times, Avon, ISBN 0-380-44123-3 
  61. ^ Nationalist-Communist Civil War 1927-1937. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  62. ^ ASIN: B00085M906
  63. ^ Available in reprint paperback from Filiquarian Publishing, LLC, ISBN 1599869659.
  64. ^ American Museum of Natural History (2002), Einstein's Revolution, <http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/revolution/index.php>. Retrieved on 14 March 2007 
  65. ^ See the AMNH site's popup of translated letter from Freud, in the section "Freud and Einstein", regarding proposed joint presentation on "What can be done to rid mankind of the menace of war?"
  66. ^ Rowe, David E. & Schulmann, Robert (2007), Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691120943 
  67. ^ Albert Einstein Archives (2007), “History of the Estate of Albert Einstein”, Albert Einstein Archives, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, <http://albert-einstein.org/history5.html>. Retrieved on 25 March 2007 
  68. ^ a b Princeton Online (1995), “Einstein in Princeton: Scientist, Humanitarian, Cultural Icon” 
  69. ^ Clark, R. "Einstein: The Life and Times" Harper-Collins, 1984. 880 pp.
  70. ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6. 
  71. ^ The International Rescue Committee gives support and shelter to refugees of social and political persecution.
  72. ^ MathPages - Reflections on Relativity: Who Invented Relativity?. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  73. ^ Christian Schlatter (April 2002). Philipp Lenard et la physique aryenne. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  74. ^ An Albert Einstein Chronology. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  75. ^ Discover Magazine March 2008. Chain Reaction: From Einstein to the Atomic Bomb.
  76. ^ The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Einstein's Letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Retrieved on 2007-05-26.
  77. ^ Schwarz, Frederic (1998-04). Einstein's Ordnance. AmericanHeritage.com. Retrieved on 2008-03-23.
  78. ^ Scientist Tells of Einstein's A-bomb Regrets. The Philadelphia Bulletin, 13 May 1955. (PDF document from the Swiss Federal Archives from Internet Archive.)
  79. ^ Einstein, Albert (11 1947). "Atomic War or Peace". Atlantic Monthly. 
  80. ^ Calaprice, Alice (2005), The new quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, p. 173, ISBN 0-691-12075-7  Other versions of the quote exist.
  81. ^ Why Socialism?. Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
  82. ^ Butcher, Sandra Ionno (May 2005). The Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto. Council of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  83. ^ Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist (2007-04-12). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  84. ^ a b c Reis, Arthur H., Jr (1998), “The Albert Einstein Involvement”, Brandeis Review, 50th Anniversary Edition, <http://www.brandeis.edu/publications/review/50threview/einstein.pdf>. Retrieved on 25 March 2007 
  85. ^ New York Times (June 22, 1947), “Dr. Einstein Quits University Plan”, The New York Times, <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50812FA385D13728DDDAB0A94DE405B8788F1D3>. Retrieved on 14 March 2007 
  86. ^ The FBI and Albert Einstein.
  87. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2005), “Albert Einstein”, FBI Freedom of Information Act Website, U.S. Federal Government, U.S. Department of Justice 
  88. ^ History of Vegetarianism - Albert Einstein. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  89. ^ The Case of the Scientist with a Pulsating Mass (2002-06-14). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  90. ^ Albert Einstein Archives (April 1955), “Draft of projected Telecast Israel Independence Day, April 1955 (last statement ever written)”, Einstein Archives Online, <http://www.alberteinstein.info/db/ViewImage.do?DocumentID=20078&Page=1>. Retrieved on 14 March 2007 
  91. ^ O'Connor, J.J. & Robertson, E.F. (1997), “Albert Einstein”, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews 
  92. ^ "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76. World Mourns Loss of Great Scientist.", The New York Times, April 19, 1955, Tuesday. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. "Princeton, New Jersey, April 18, 1955. Dr. Albert Einstein, one of the great thinkers of the ages, died in his sleep here early today." 
  93. ^ The Long, Strange Journey of Einstein's Brain. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  94. ^ New York Times obituary [1]
  95. ^ BBC (2006), “Letters Reveal Einstein Love Life”, BBC News (BBC), <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5168002.stm>. Retrieved on 14 March 2007 
  96. ^ Roger Richman Agency (2007), “Albert Einstein Licensing” 
  97. ^ Isaacson, Walter (January 3, 2000), “Person of the Century: Why We Chose Einstein”, Time, <http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/who_mattered_and_why4a.html>. Retrieved on 16 July 2007 
  98. ^ a b Golden, Frederic (January 3, 2000), “Person of the Century: Albert Einstein”, Time, <http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html>. Retrieved on 25 February 2006 
  99. ^ Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century (1999-12-31). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  100. ^ Hart, Michael H. (1978), The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Citadel Press, pp. p. 52, ISBN 0-8065-1350-0 
  101. ^ World Year of Physics 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  102. ^ Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle (German). Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  103. ^ The New Yorker April 1939 pg 69 Disguise

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Nobel Laureates in Physics

Wilhelm Röntgen (1901) · Hendrik Lorentz / Pieter Zeeman (1902) · Henri Becquerel / Pierre Curie / Marie Curie (1903) · Lord Rayleigh (1904) · Philipp Lenard (1905) · J. J. Thomson (1906) · Albert Michelson (1907) · Gabriel Lippmann (1908) · Guglielmo Marconi / Ferdinand Braun (1909) · Johannes van der Waals (1910) · Wilhelm Wien (1911) · Gustaf Dalén (1912) · Kamerlingh Onnes (1913) · Max von Laue (1914) · W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg (1915) · Charles Barkla (1917) · Max Planck (1918) · Johannes Stark (1919) · Charles Guillaume (1920) · Albert Einstein (1921) · Niels Bohr (1922) · Robert Millikan (1923) · Manne Siegbahn (1924) · James Franck / Gustav Hertz (1925)


Persondata
NAME Einstein, Albert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Physicist
DATE OF BIRTH March 14, 1879(1879-03-14)
PLACE OF BIRTH Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, German Empire
DATE OF DEATH April 18, 1955
PLACE OF DEATH Princeton, New Jersey




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