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African American



In 2005 the Discovery Channel and America Online conducted a poll in which Americans nominated and elected the Greatest Americans of all time. Millions of votes were cast and the final list of the 100 Greatest Americans contained 17 African Americans.[67]

The following four African Americans were considered greatest by the voting public:

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Oprah Winfrey

Muhammad Ali

Rosa Parks

The following African Americans were also among the 100 Greatest Americans:[67]

Maya Angelou

Ray Charles

Bill Cosby

Frederick Douglass

Michael Jackson

Michael Jordan

Malcolm X

Barack Obama

Colin Powell

Condoleezza Rice

Jackie Robinson

Harriet Tubman

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 2006 American Community Survey
  2. ^ S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States
  3. ^ 12.1% of US population, 2005
  4. ^ US Census Bureau, racial breakdown of the United States in 2005. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
  5. ^ a b McKinnon, Jesse. The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  6. ^ The size and regional distribution of the black population. Lewis Mumford Center. Retrieved on 2007-10-01.
  7. ^ a b United States - QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000
  8. ^ El Nasser, Haya. "39 million make Hispanics largest U.S. minority group", USA Today, 2003-06-19. Retrieved on 2008-03-01. 
  9. ^ Hashaw, Tim. "The First Black Americans", U.S. News, January 21, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 
  10. ^ The shaping of Black America: forthcoming 400th celebration
  11. ^ The First Black Americans - US News and World Report
  12. ^ Boddy-Evans, Alistair. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. African History. about.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
  13. ^ The Emancipation Proclamation. Featured Documents. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
  14. ^ History of Juneteenth. Juneteenth.com (2005). Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
  15. ^ Davis, Ronald L.F., Ph. D.. Creating Jim Crow: In-Depth Essay. The History of Jim Crow. New York Life. Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
  16. ^ Davis, Ronald, Ph. D. Surviving Jim Crow. The History of Jim Crow. New York Life.
  17. ^ Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
  18. ^ The Great Migration. African American World. PBS (2002). Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  19. ^ The March On Washington, 1963. Abbeville Press. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  20. ^ United States entry at The World Factbook
  21. ^ Time Line of African American History, 1881-1900
  22. ^ c2kbr01-2.qxd
  23. ^ Oscar Barbarin, PhD. Characteristics of African American Families (PDF). University of North Carolina. Retrieved on September 23, 2006.
  24. ^ a b c Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Cheryl Hill Lee (August 2005). "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF): P60-229. U.S. Census Bureau. 
  25. ^ "Oprah Winfrey the richest black person in the world" (2006-09-11). African Echo 43. 
  26. ^ a b Malonson, Roy Douglas (2006-05-10). Condi and Oprah aren't good role models for Black motherhood. African-American News & Issues. Retrieved on 2006-09-11.
  27. ^ #562 Oprah Winfrey. Forbes Special Report: The World's Billionaires (2006). Retrieved on 2006-09-11.
  28. ^ Incomes, Earnings, and Poverty from the 2004 American Community Survey (PDF). United States Census Bureau (August 2005). Retrieved on October 24, 2006.
  29. ^ Peter Fronczek and Patricia Johnson (August 2003). Occupations: 2000 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on October 24, 2006.
  30. ^ a b c Jesse McKinnon (April 2003). The Black Population in the United States: March 2002. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on October 24, 2006.
  31. ^ a b c PINC-03-Part 131
  32. ^ a b PINC-03-Part 254
  33. ^ a b PINC-03-Part 259
  34. ^ a b PINC-03-Part 135
  35. ^ PINC-03-Part 253
  36. ^ PINC-03-Part 128
  37. ^ PINC-03-Part 133
  38. ^ PINC-03-Part 5
  39. ^ a b [1]
  40. ^ Oprah's £20m school proves she's not all talk (3 January 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
  41. ^ Oprah Winfrey Debuts as First African-American On BusinessWeek's Annual Ranking of 'Americas Top Philanthropists'. BusinessWeek via PRNewsWire (November 19, 2004). Retrieved on 2006-10-01.
  42. ^ a b Donna L. Hoyert, PhD.; Hsiang-Ching Kung, PhD.; Betty L. Smith, B.S. Ed. (February 28, 2005). Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2003 (PDF). Division of Vital Statistics, Center for Disease Control.. Retrieved on September 23, 2006.
  43. ^ Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2004. CDC (2004). Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
  44. ^ Income Stable, Poverty Up, Numbers of Americans With and Without Health Insurance Rise, Census Bureau Reports. U.S. Census Bureau News (2006-08-26). Retrieved on 2006-10-14.
  45. ^ Ethics and Human Rights Position Statements: Discrimination and Racism in Health Care. American Nursing Association. (1998-03-06). Retrieved on 2006-10-14.
  46. ^ Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease. American Heart Association. Retrieved on 2006-09-23.
  47. ^ blackandbrownnews.com Sharon Toomer, editor http://www.blackandbrownnews.com
  48. ^ Examining the Future of Black News Media : NPR
  49. ^ How Will African Americans Get the News? : NPR
  50. ^ Mikal Muharrar, "Media Blackface," "FAIR," Sept./ October 1998, http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1431
  51. ^ a b Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2007 (PDF) (March 2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  52. ^ African-American Inventors. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  53. ^ Stewart, Earl L. (1998). African American Music: An Introduction, p.3. ISBN 0-02-860294-3. 
  54. ^ a b c Black People and Their Place in World History. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  55. ^ Martin Luther King, Jr. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  56. ^ Interview with Al Sharpton, David Shankbone, Wikinews, December 3, 2007.
  57. ^ Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Office of Management and Budget (1997).
  58. ^ Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook 97. U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004).
  59. ^ Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population-Specific Alleles
  60. ^ Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases
  61. ^ "Williams/Zogby Poll: Americans' Attitudes Changing Towards Multiracial Candidates", BBSNews.com, 2006-12-22. Retrieved on 2007-09-23. 
  62. ^ Shades of black By Eric Deggans. St. Petersburg Times. Published April 15, 2007
  63. ^ a b "Transcript excerpt: Senator Barack Obama on Sixty Minutes", CBS News, 2007=02-11. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 
  64. ^ "Breaking New Ground: African American Senators", U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. 
  65. ^ Wired 13.09: Blood Feud
  66. ^ S.O.Y. Keita. History in Africa, Vol. 20, 1993 (1993), pp. 129-154
  67. ^ a b Discovery Channel :: Greatest American: Top 100 (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-09-08.

References

  • Brandon S. Centerwall, "Race, Socioeconomic Status and Domestic Homicide, Atlanta, 1971-72", 74 AM. J. PUB. HLTH. 813, 815 (1984)
  • Darnell F. Hawkins, "Inequality, Culture, and Interpersonal Violence", 12 HEALTH AFFAIRS 80 (1993)
  • Jerome A. Neapolitan, "Cross-National Variation in Homicide; Is Race A Factor?" 36 CRIMINOLOGY 139 (1998)
  • Bohlen, C. "Does She Say the Same Things in her Native Tongue?" New York Times, May 18, 1986
  • Felder, J. (1992) From the Statue of Liberty to the Statue of Bigotry. New York: Jack Felder.
  • Felder, J. "Black Origins and Lady Liberty". Daily Challenge. July 16, 1990
  • Sinclair, T. Was Original Statue a Tribute to Blacks? New York Voice, July 5, 1986
  • The New York Post, "Statue of Liberty" June 17, 1986.
  • Altman, Susan "The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage"
  • The Music of Black Americans: A History. Eileen Southern. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition, (1997). ISBN 0-393-97141-4
  • Stewart, Earl L. (1998). African American Music: An Introduction. ISBN 0-02-860294-3.

Further reading

  • Jack Salzman, ed., Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history, New York, NY  : Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1996
  • African American Lives, edited by Henry L. Gates, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Oxford University Press, 2004 - more than 600 biographies
  • From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans, by John Hope Franklin, Alfred Moss, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947
  • Black Women in America - An Historical Encyclopedia, Darlene Clark Hine (Editor), Rosalyn Terborg-Penn (Editor), Elsa Barkley Brown (Editor), Paperback Edition, Indiana University Press 2005
  • van Sertima, Ivan "They Came Before Columbus"
  • "The Politicization of Changing Terms of Self Reference Among American Slave Descendants", American Speech, v 66, no.2, Summer 1991, p. 133-46

External links

Look up African American in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
African American Portal


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