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Afghanistan



Main article: Communications in Afghanistan

Telecommunication services in the country are provided by Afghan Wireless, Etisalat, Roshan, Areeba and Afghan Telecom. In 2006, the Afghan Ministry of Communications signed a US$64.5 million agreement with ZTE Corporation for the establishment of a countrywide fibre optic cable network. This will improve telephone, internet, television and radio broadcast services throughout the country.[88]

Television and radio broadcastings are available in most parts of the country, with local and international channels or stations.

The nation's post service is also operating. Package delivery services such as FedEx, DHL and others are also available.

Education

Main article: Education in Afghanistan
Female school students.
Female school students.

As of 2006 more than four million male and female students were enrolled in schools throughout the country. However, there are still significant obstacles to education in Afghanistan, stemming from lack of funding, unsafe school buildings and cultural norms. A lack of women teachers is an issue that concerns some Afghan parents, especially in more conservative areas. Some parents will not allow their daughters to be taught by men.[89]

Literacy of the entire population is estimated (as of 1999) at 36%, the male literacy rate is 51% and female literacy is 21%. Up to now there are 9,500 schools in the country.

Another aspect of education that is rapidly changing in Afghanistan is the face of higher education. Following the fall of the Taliban, Kabul University was reopened to both male and female students. In 2006, the American University of Afghanistan also opened its doors, with the aim of providing a world-class, English-language, co-educational learning environment in Afghanistan. The university accepts students from Afghanistan and the neighboring countries. Construction work will soon start at the new site selected for University of Balkh in Mazari Sharif. The new building for the university, including the building for the Engineering Department, would be constructed at 600 acres (2.4 km²) of land at the cost of 250 million US dollars.[90]

See also

References and footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Afghanistan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (December 13, 2007).
  2. ^ Other terms that can be used as demonyms are Afghani and Afghanistani:
  3. ^ "Afghanistan", CIA - The World Factbook 2007
  4. ^ The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
  5. ^ The 2007 Middle East & Central Asia Politics, Economics,and Society Conference University of Utah
  6. ^ "Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East & Central Asia" May 2006, International Monetary Fund
  7. ^ CIA world factbook, Afghanistan - Geography (Location: Southern Asia)
  8. ^ University of California, [1], University of Pennsylvania, World Bank; US maps; [2] ; University of Washington Syracuse University
  9. ^ Middle East Network Information Center (MENIC), University of Texas at Austin
  10. ^ Afghanistan Profile, National Geographic (accessed 20 January 2006)
  11. ^ Afghanistan, Middle East Institute (accessed 20 January 2006)
  12. ^ a b Ahmad Shah Durrani, Britannica Concise.
  13. ^ The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, Anwar-ul-Haq Ahady, Asian Survey, Vol. 35, No. 7. (Jul., 1995), pp. 621-634.
  14. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History, Online Edition LINK
  15. ^ Morgenstierne, G. (1999). "AFGHĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 
  16. ^ Nancy Hatch Dupree - The Story of Kabul (Mongols)
  17. ^ "Afghan" (with ref. to "Afghanistan: iv. Ethnography") by Ch. M. Kieffer, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition 2006.
  18. ^ "Transactions of the year 908" by Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad Bābur in Bāburnāma, translated by John Leyden, Oxford University Press: 1921.
  19. ^ Elphinstone, M., "Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia and India", London 1815; published by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
  20. ^ E. Bowen, "A New & Accurate Map of Persia" in A Complete System Of Geography, Printed for W. Innys, R. Ware [etc.], London 1747
  21. ^ E. Huntington, "The Anglo-Russian Agreement as to Tibet, Afghanistan, and Persia", Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 39, No. 11 (1907)
  22. ^ a b MECW Volume 18, p. 40; The New American Cyclopaedia - Vol. I, 1858
  23. ^ M. Ali, "Afghanistan: The War of Independence, 1919", Kabul [s.n.], 1960
  24. ^ Afghanistan's Constitution of 1923 under King Amanullah Khan (English translation).
  25. ^ History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 - 2005. Retrieved on 2007-07-20.
  26. ^ a b Gold and copper discovered in Afghanistan
  27. ^ Uranium Mining Issues: 2005 Review
  28. ^ 16 detained for smuggling chromites, Pajhwok Afghan News.
  29. ^ a b Afghanistan’s Energy Future and its Potential Implications, Eurasianet.org.
  30. ^ a b Govt plans to lease out Ainak copper mine, Pajhwok Afghan News.
  31. ^ Sites in Perspective, chapter 3 of Nancy Hatch Dupree, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan.
  32. ^ Afghanistan, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 (specifically John Ford Shroder, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Regents Professor of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska. Editor, Himalaya to the Sea: Geology, Geomorphology, and the Quaternary and other books).
  33. ^ It is unlikely because of the migration significantly north of the Caspian. Bryant, Edwin F. (2001) The quest for the origins of Vedic culture: the Indo-Aryan migration debate Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, ISBN 0-19-513777-9
  34. ^ Lal, B. B. and Saraswat, K. S. (2005) The homeland of the Aryans : evidence of Ṛigvedic flora and fauna & archaeology Aryan Books International, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7305-283-2
  35. ^ Sethna, Kaikhushru Dhunjibhoy (1992) The Problem of Aryan Origins Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, ISBN 81-85179-67-0
  36. ^ The history of Afghanistan, Ghandara.com website
  37. ^ Afghanistan: Achaemenid dynasty rule, Ancient Classical History, about.com
  38. ^ Dani, A. H. and B. A. Litvinsky. "The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 103–118. ISBN 92-3-103211-9
  39. ^ Zeimal, E. V. "The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 119–133. ISBN 92-3-103211-9
  40. ^ Litvinsky, B. A. "The Hephthalite Empire." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 135–162. ISBN 92-3-103211-9
  41. ^ Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, Dehkhoda Dictionary, p. 8457
  42. ^ Ghubar, Mir Ghulam Mohammad, Khorasan, 1937 Kabul Printing House, Kabul)
  43. ^ "Tajikistan Development Gateway" from History of Afghanistan by the Development Gateway Foundation
  44. ^ "Ghaznavid Dynasty", Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Edition.
  45. ^ "Timurid Dynasty", Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Edition.
  46. ^ "Ašraf Ghilzai" by Prof. D. Balland, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition 2006.
  47. ^ "The Hotakis" in "Afghanistan", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  48. ^ a b "The Durranti dynasty" in "Afghanistan", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  49. ^ "Ahmad Shah Durrani", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  50. ^ The South, chapter 16 of Nancy Hatch Dupree, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan.
  51. ^ Hanifi, M. Jamil "GHILZĪ or GHALZĪ". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online Edition). United States: Columbia University. Retrieved on January 2008. 
  52. ^ Prashad, Vijay (2001-09-15). War Against the Planet. ZMag. Retrieved on 2008-03-21.
  53. ^ The CIA's Intervention in Afghanistan (Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski). Le Nouvel Observateur (1998-01-21). Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
  54. ^ "Afghanistan: History", Columbia Encyclopedia.
  55. ^ http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/talibans-war-on-women.pdf
  56. ^ Erik Eckholm. "A NATION CHALLENGED: PENALTIES; Taliban Justice: Stadium Was Scene of Gory Punishment", The New York Times, 2001-12-26. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 
  57. ^ Afghanistan, Opium and the Taliban [3]
  58. ^ [4] - New Supreme Court Could Mark Genuine Departure - August 13, 2006
  59. ^ Text used in this cited section originally came from: Afghanistan (Feb 2005) profile from the Library of Congress Country Studies project.
  60. ^ CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
  61. ^ a b Dupree, L. "Afghānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online Edition). Ed. Ehsan Yarshater. United States: Columbia University. Retrieved on 2007. 
  62. ^ BBC News - Afghan poll's ethnic battleground - October 6, 2004
  63. ^ "Afghānistān: (v.) languages" by L. Dupree, Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition 2006.
  64. ^ a b Heathcote, Tony (1980, 2003) "The Afghan Wars 1839–1919", Sellmount Staplehurst
  65. ^ "Modern literature of Afghanistan" by R. Farhādī, Encyclopaedia Iranica, xii, Online Edition.
  66. ^ Afghanmagazine.com - Ustad Khalilullah Khalili - 1997
  67. ^ Afghanmagazine.com - Kharaabat - by Yousef Kohzad - 2000
  68. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Afghanistan...Link (PDF)
  69. ^ Goring, R. (ed): "Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions" (Larousse: 1994), pg. 581–58, Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs", ISBN 0-7523-0000-8, Note: "... Figures have been compiled from the most accurate recent available information and are in most cases correct to the nearest 1% ..."
  70. ^ Hinduism Today: Hindus Abandon Afghanistan
  71. ^ BBC South Asia: Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan
  72. ^ Washingtonpost.com - Afghan Jew Becomes Country's One and Only - N.C. Aizenman
  73. ^ Morales, Victor (2005-03-28). Poor Afghanistan. Voice of America. Retrieved on 2006-09-10.
  74. ^ North, Andrew (2004-03-30). Why Afghanistan wants $27.6bn. BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-09-10.
  75. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Afghanistan
  76. ^ a b c Fujimura, Manabu (2004) "Afghan Economy After the Election", Asian Development Bank Institute
  77. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Afghanistan receives $3.3b remittances from expats, Oct. 19, 2007.
  78. ^ Macroeconomics & Economic Growth in South Asia, The World Bank.
  79. ^ Afghan opium production at record high
  80. ^ UN horrified by surge in opium trade in Helmand
  81. ^ Poppies for Peace: Reforming Afghanistan’s Opium Industry
  82. ^ "Midday Business Report: Black & Veatch unit gains piece of Afghan contract", The Kansas City Star.
  83. ^ "Coca-Cola opens plant in Afghanistan", Contra Costa Times.
  84. ^ Kabul - City of Light Project
  85. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Afghanistan has huge mineral resources: survey, Nov. 14, 2007.
  86. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Chinese company wins bidding for Ainak copper extraction, Nov. 20, 2007.
  87. ^ http://kabul.usembassy.gov/pr082607.html
  88. ^ Ministry signs contract with Chinese company, Pajhwok Afghan News.
  89. ^ Mojumdar, Aunohita: "Afghan Schools' Money Problems", BBC News, 2007. [5]
  90. ^ Pakistan grants $10m for Balkh University, Pajhwok Afghan News.

Bibliography

  • Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977). An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization. http://www.zharov.com/dupree/index.html
  • Fowler, Corinne. Chasing Tales: Travel writing, journalism and the history of British ideas about Afghanistan, 2007 (forthcoming), Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York.
  • Ghobar, Mir Gholam Mohammad. Afghanistan in the Course of History, 1999, All Prints Inc. [6]
  • Griffiths, John C. 1981. Afghanistan: A History of Conflict. André Deutsch, London. Updated edition, 2001. Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2002, ISBN 0-233-05053-1.
  • Levi, Peter. 1972. The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan. Collins, 1972, ISBN 0-00-211042-3. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973, Indianapolis/New York, ISBN 0-672-51252-1.
  • Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George. 1841. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971. Oxford University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-19-577199-0.
  • Rashid, Ahmed (2000) "Taliban - Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia", Yale University Press
  • Caroe, Olaf. 1958. The Pathans (on the ethnic origin of Afghans).
  • Shahrani, M. Nazif. (1979) The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War. University of Washington Press. 1st paperback edition with new preface and epilogue (2002). ISBN 0-295-98262-4.
  • Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961. Between Oxus and Jumna. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN B0006DBR44.
  • Wood, John. 1872. A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971, ISBN 0-576-03322-7.
  • Heathcote, T.A. The Afghan Wars 1839–1999, 1980,2003, Spellmount Staplehurst.
  • Rall, Ted. 2002. "To Afghanistan and Back: A Graphic Travelogue" New York: NBM Publishing.
  • Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. The Afghans. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. ISBN 0631198415.



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1 Partly or significantly in Europe.  2 The Republic of China (Taiwan) is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan.
3 Partly or significantly in Africa.  4 Partly or wholly reckoned in Oceania.
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Islamic republics
   

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Iranian-speaking nations and autonomous entities

Flag of Afghanistan Afghanistan • Flag of the People's Republic of China China (Taxkorgan)1 • Flag of Georgia (country) Georgia (South Ossetia Flag South Ossetia2) • Flag of Iran Iran • Flag of Iraq Iraq (Kurdistan Flag Kurdistan) • Flag of Russia Russia ( North Ossetia-Alania) • Flag of Pakistan Pakistan (North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan) • Flag of Tajikistan Tajikistan • Flag of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (1.3 million[1] to 11 million[2] Tajiks)

(1) Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, officially recognised minority in the People's Republic of China.
(2) South Ossetia is a self-proclaimed republic within the internationally recognized borders of Georgia. It is presently not recognized by any country.





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